Chemosphere，2013
Effects of copper exposure on the hatching status and antioxidant defense at different developmental stages of embryos and larvae of goldfish Carassius
Xianghui Kong, Hongxia Jiang, Shuping Wang, Xiangmin Wu, Wei Fei, Li Li, Guoxing Nie, Xuejun Li
简介：
本文主要检测在鲫鱼孵化期间进行铜暴露，其胚胎期和幼体不同阶段的氧化防御。最终结果显示在鲫鱼的胚胎期和幼体期，铜暴露产生的影响具有浓度依赖性和时间依赖性。生化参数是衡量铜暴露鲫鱼胚胎应答的有效指示器。此外，本文还发现在水产养殖中用来杀死寄生虫使用0.4mg/L的铜（1mg/L硫酸铜），并不安全，因为其对幼体有毒害作用。因此，在水产养殖中，杀害鲫鱼身上的病原时，应使用低于1mg/L的硫酸铜。
Abstract
This study aims to assess the effects of copper exposure on hatching status and antioxidant defense at different stages of embryos and larvae of goldfish Carassius auratus. In this study, day-old embryos were randomly grouped after fertilization and then exposed to copper concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 mg/L. Copper-exposed fish embryos were sampled every 24 h to determine superoxide dismutase(SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) content. In addition, cumulative mortality and larval deformity were also investigated. The findings showed that cumulative mortality and larval deformity rate increased gradually with copper concentration increase. SOD and CAT activities were inhibited at higher copper concentrations. At a lower concentration (0.1 mg/L), SOD activity increased in larvae, whereas CAT activity showed no significant change (p > 0.05). MDA, as the lipid peroxidation product, gradually accumulated in embryos and larvae with increasing copper concentration and the extension of exposure time. At 0.4 mg/L and more, copper toxicity was shown in embryos and larvae. In conclusion, copper-exposed effects on hatching status and antioxidant defense in C. auratus embryos and larvae showed concentration- and time-dependent patterns. The biochemical parameters in this study can be used as effective indicators for evaluating the responses of copper-exposed fish embryos. In addition, this study demonstrates that 0.4 mg/Lcopper (corresponding to 1 mg/Lcopper sulfate), used to kill parasites in aquaculture, is not safe concentration, because it can result in toxicity to larvae. Therefore, the copper concentration to kill pathogen should be less than 0.4 mg/Lfor C. auratus.